Evidence on EVA

Biddle, Gary C., Bowen, Robert M. and Wallace, James S., "Evidence on EVA" . Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Vol. 12, No. 2, Summer 1999

Abstract:

Economic Value Added (EVA) has attracted considerable attention as an alternative to traditional accounting earnings for use in both valuation and incentive compensation. With a host of consultants now marketing related metrics, numerous claims have been made - most based on anecdotal evidence or in-house studies. This paper summarizes independent evidence regarding EVA's alleged advantages. We begin by reviewing the theory that links the underlying concept of residual income to shareholder value. Second, we discuss how Stern Stewart modifies residual income to produce its proprietary EVA metric and show how median EVA compares with residual income, net income and operating cash flows over the period 1988-97. Third, we examine the claim that EVA is more closely associated with stock returns and firm value than is net income. The evidence indicates that EVA does not dominate net income in associations with stock returns and firm values. Fourth, we examine a second claim that compensation plans based on residual income motivate managers to take actions consistent with increasing shareholder value. Here, the independent evidence suggests that managers do respond to residual income-based incentives. Finally, we discuss how a metric such as EVA can be useful for internal incentive purposes even if it conveys little news to market participants regarding the firm's valuation.

Facts on voip

• Take your VoIP phone with you on a trip, and anywhere you connect it to the Internet, you can receive your incoming calls. Call center agents using VoIP phones can work from anywhere with a sufficiently fast Internet connection.
• Implementation challenges Because IP does not provide any mechanism to ensure that data packets are delivered in sequential order, or provide any Quality of Service guarantees, VoIP implementations may face problems dealing with latency (especially if satellite circuits are involved), and jitter. They are faced with the problem of restructuring streams of received IP packets, which can come in any order and have packets delayed or missing, to ensure that the ensuing audio stream maintains a proper time consistency. Another main challenge is routing VoIP traffic to traverse certain firewalls and NAT. Intermediary devices called Session Border Controllers (SBC) are often used to achieve this, though some proprietary systems such as Skype traverse firewall and NAT without a SBC by using users' computers as super node servers to route other people's calls.
• VoIP phone calls (even international) are widely regarded as free. While there is a cost for their Internet service, using VoIP over this service usually does not involve any extra charges, so the users view the calls as free.

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